Charging circuit

The main circuit for this Wind Power Generator in Train System is charging circuit. The system is using wind generator to charge the 12VDC battery. A relay is used to start or stop charging. This relay is controlled by PIC microcontroller. Whenever the charging operation is running, a LED indicator will turn on else the LED indicator will turn off.

Two voltage dividers are being used to detect battery voltage and wind generator voltage. The voltage divider is used to avoid over voltage over 5V access PIC microcontroller. 

Below shows the calculation for the voltage divider:-

•        When voltage input from wind generator or battery is 15.64V, PIC will get maximum voltage 5V.

Ratio = Voltage input from wind generator or battery / PIC voltage

Ratio = 15.64V/5V

Ratio = 3.128/1

So, the ratio is 3 to 1

Voltage divider formula:-

VDR = [R1 / (R1+R2)] x Vin

[4.7k / (4.7k + 10k)] x 5V = 1.599V

[10k / (10k + 4.7k)] x 5V = 3.401V

Total voltage = V1 + V2

Total voltage = 3.401V + 1.599V

Total voltage = 5V

3.401V x 3.128 = 1064V

1.599V x 3.128 = 5V

Total voltage = V1 + V2

Total voltage = 10.64V + 5V

Total voltage = 15.64V

So, input voltage must not exceeding 15.64V or else PIC will burn because PIC only supports 5V.

PCB Layout

 PCB 1

PCB 2

PCB 3

Project overview

Wind Turbine Generator in Train System is divided into two main parts which are hardware and program.

The hardware part is basically related with circuit and the final design of the prototype. The main circuit being used in this project is charging circuit. The charging circuit needed to be designed from scratch which covers the designing of pcb layout, etching until the circuit is functioning well. Based on the project title, the final design of the prototype needed to be appropriate with the title. For this project, the prototype needs to be installed at area which surrounds by train railway in order to achieve the application of the project.

The second part of this project is program. The program acts as a brain to the whole system. Language that is being used for this project is C Language. The compiler that is being used to compile the program is PIC C Compiler. PIC16F877A is being used as the controller for the whole system. It controls the charging and discharging of the battery.

List of components

List of components used for this project:-

Description	Value	Quantity
Microcontroller	PIC16F877A	1
IC Socket	40 pin	2
Crystal	20MHz	1
Capacitor	18pF	2
Voltage Regulator	LM7805	1
Capacitor	0.1uF, 50V	1
Capacitor	1000uF, 16V	1
LED	5mm	1
Resistor	1KR	1
Diode	1N4007	4
Switch	On/Off	1
Photo PCB	300mm*150mm	1
Etching Powder	1Kg	1
PCB Developer	50g	1
Battery	12VDC, 1.2AH	1
LCD	2x16, Green	1
Resistor	1KR	3
LED	5mm	2
Relay	SPDT	1
Transistor	NPN, C9013	1
Resistor	330R	1
Resistor	4K7R	2
Resistor	10KR, 1/4W, 5%	3
Resistor	1R/2W	1

DC motor & DC generator

DC Motor

Simple DC motor consists of a permanent magnet stator and rotor coil with a commutator near one end to properly provide current to the coil. It is the lowest cost motor solution. It can also be made very small easily. For low power design, its power density is often very high.

DC Generator

Components of a generator:

Rotor: In its simplest form, the rotor consists of a single loop of wire made to rotate within a magnetic field. In practice, the rotor usually consists of several coils of wire wound on an armature.

Armature: The armature is a cylinder of laminated iron mounted on an axle. The axle is carried in bearings mounted in the external structure of the generator. Torque is applied to the axle to make the rotor spin.

Coil: Each coil usually consists of many turns of copper wire wound on the armature. The two ends of each coil are connected either to two slip rings (AC) or two opposite bars of split-ring commutator (DC).

Stator: The stator is the fixed part of the generator that supplies the magnetic field in which the coils rotate. It may consist of two permanent magnets which opposite poles facing and shaped to fit around the rotor. Alternatively, the magnetic field may be provided by two electromagnets.

Field electromagnets: Each electromagnets consists of a coil of many turns of copper wire wound on a soft iron core. The electromagnets are wound, mounted and shaped in such a way that opposite poles face each other and wrap around the rotor.

Brushes: The brushes are carbon blocks that maintain contact with the ends of the coils via the slip rings (AC) or the split-ring commutator (DC), and conduct electric current from the coils to the external circuit

Concepts

There are some concepts that needed to be understood while doing this project. First and foremost is the wind turbine concept. A wind turbine is a device that converts kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical energy. If the mechanical energy is used to produce electricity, the device may be called a wind generator or wind charger.

An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, generally using electromagnetic induction. The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hard crank, or any other source of mechanical energy. 

         

KLIA Ekspres details

KLIA EKSPRES

KLIA Ekspres has been chosen as the place for my research. Data needs to be collected in order to able to proceed to the next stage. An interview has been made with Mr. Mohd Rizal, the engineer of KLIA Ekspres. Below shows the data obtained during the interview:-

•      Destination : KLIA to KL SENTRAL

•      3 Stops ( Bandar Tasik Selatan, Putrajaya/Cyberjaya, Salak Tinggi)

•      Distance : 57 kilometers

•      Journey : 28 mins

•      Top speed : 176 km/h

•      Commercial top speed : 160km/h

•      15 mins interval (peak hours)

•      20 mins interval (off peak)

KLIA Ekspres Specification

Model	Desiro ET 425 M Electric Multiple Unit
Manufacturer	Siemens AG
No. of trains	8
No. of carriages	2 propulsion carriages 2 passenger carriages
Dimensions	Length - 68700 mm Width - 2840 mm Height - 4160 mm
Weight	120 Metric Tonnes
Electrical System Voltage	25 kV/50 Hz
Acceleration	1.0 m/s²
Top Speed	176 km/h
Commercial Top Speed	160 km/h
No. of passengers	156 seated
Tracks	Length - 57 km Width - 1435 mm

KL SENTRAL to KLIA

KLIA to KL SENTRAL